Iccs 2013 International Congress On Science And Skiing - Department Of Sport Science And Kinesiology | University Of Salzburg, Austria

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On behalf of the organizing committee I am pleased to invite you to the 6^thInternational Congress on Science and Skiing.

This congress will be held at St. Christoph a. Arlberg, Austria, from 14 - 19^th December, 2013. It will be the follow up conference of the first five international congresses on science and skiing. The first two congresses as well as the 4^th and 5^th congress were also held in St. Christoph in the years 1996, 2000, 2007 and 2010. The third one was organized in Aspen (USA) in 2004.

This congress will be organized by the Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology of the University of Salzburg.

The scientific programme will offer a broad and interdisciplinary spectrum of current research work in alpine and nordic skiing and snowboarding.

Internationally well known scientists will present their keynotes, many colleagues from all over the world will discuss their scientific findings in oral or poster presentations.

In addition to the scientific work, many social activities will provide opportunities to make friends, to perceive Austrian hospitality and to enjoy what winter has to offer in this wonderful skiing area. The Arlberg is famous for its superb powder skiing and is supposed to be the cradle of alpine skiing.

Dear friends and colleagues join us in St. Christoph, share some time of the special advent season with us and make the 6^th International Congress on Science and Skiing a memorable event again.

We are looking forward to welcome you in St. Christoph a. Arlberg. Congress Format: Congress Topics:

• Biomechanical
  
• Fitness Testing and Training
  
• Physiological, Biological
  
• Psychological,
  
• Sociological and
  
• Pedagogical Aspects
  
• of Alpine Skiing,
  
• Cross Country Skiing,
  
• Snowboarding and
  
• Ski Jumping
  
• Paralympic skiing sports
  

 

 

ORAL PRESENTATIONS

 

 

https://www.icss2013...ndex.php?id=101

 

 

POSTER PRESENTATIONS

 

 

https://www.icss2013...ndex.php?id=103

 

 

SOURCE: https://www.icss2013...index.php?id=95

 

https://www.facebook.com/pages/aLpS-bEaCh/237934749564430?ref=hl

Edited December 7, 2013 by snowhow

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ΤΙΤΛΟΙ ΠΑΡΟΥΣΙΑΣΕΩΝ

>ENERGY EXPENDITURE IN NOVICE SKIERS AND SNOWBOARDERS

>VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS FOR A 3D PERCEPTION RESEARCH OF THE SKI COURSE

>REAL-TIME VIDEO ENHANCES SKILL DEVELOPMENT IN JUNIOR ALPINE SKIERS DURING A SINGLE WEEK OF SUMMER CAMP TRAINING

>ON REDUCING THE RISK OF INADVERTENT RELEASE OF SKI BINDINGS

>THREE-DIMENSIONAL KINEMATICS OF THE KNEE DURING SKI-SPECIFIC MOTION PATTERNS WITH RESPECT TO KNEE INJURIES IN ALPINE SKIING

>SPORT PROSTHESIS VERSUS SKIING PROSTHESIS

>EFFECTS OF FATIGUE ON POSTURAL CONTROL STRATEGIES DURING BIATHLON SHOOTING – A NONLINEAR APPROACH

>3D KINEMATIC IN FREESTYLE CROSS COUNTRY SKIING (XCS) TECHNIQUE DURING WORLD CUP RACES AND WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS (2012-2013)

>EFFECT OF SKI-BOOT DESIGN ON FLEXURAL AND REBOUND PERFORMANCES

>USE OF A WIRELESS NIRS MONITOR TO TRACK CHANGES IN MUSCLE OXYGENATION FOR LABORATORY-BASED NORDIC SKIING TEST PROTOCOLS

>SICURSKIWEB: A GEOICT PLATFORM FOR SKIING SAFETY DATA

>INFLUENCE OF ALTITUDE EXPOSURE ON BRAIN NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE IN ELITE ALPINE SKIERS

>KINEMATICS OF A MULTIAXES PROSTHETIC KNEE FOR ALPINE SKIING

>DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE SNOWSPORT HEAD INJURY RESEARCH

>PARENTS AND COACHES' EXPECTATIONS AND BELIEFS REGARDING THE OUTCOMES AND BENEFITS OF AN ENTRY-LEVEL ALPINE YOUTH RACE PROGRAM

>A NONLINEAR MODEL FOR SKI BOOT HYSTERESIS

CHANGES IN TECHNIQUE AFTER HIGH-INTENSITY EXERCISE DURING ROLLER SKI SKATING

>A WEARABLE SYSTEM TO MEASURE SPEED AND PHASE DURATIONS DURING EACH CYCLE OF CLASSICAL CROSS-COUNTRY SKIING

>TECHNIQUE ANALYSIS IN ALPINE SKI RACING: WHAT MOTIONS OF A SKIER CAUSE A DECLINE IN SPEED?

>MENTAL COMPETENCIES AND EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONING IN AUSTRIAN JUNIOR ELITE ALPINE SKIERS AND SOCCER PLAYERS

>ALPINE SKIING WITH TOTAL KNEE REPLECAMENT

>WRIST PROTECTION IN SNOWBOARDING

>MUSCLE METABOLISM AND HEMODYNAMICS OF DIFFERENT STRENGTH ENDURANCE TESTS IN ALPINE SKIING

>INERTIAL FORCE ASSESSMENT IN CROSS-COUNTRY SIT SKIERS

GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEMS IN ALPINE SKIING: METHOD VALIDITY AND APPLICATIONS

>ARE THERE FEATURES IN THE SKIING TECHNIQUE OF ELITE CROSS COUNTRY SKIERS THAT CHANGE SYSTEMATICALLY WITH FIS-POINT RANKING?

>PARALYMPIC ALPINE SKIING SITTING ATHLETES: TRUNK MUSCLE ACTIVITY IN GIANT SLALOM

>EXERCISE ECONOMY IN CROSS COUNTRY SKIING AND RUNNING

>EXPERIMENT-INTEGRATED COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY SIMULATION OF SKI WAX PENETRATED INTO RUNNING SURFACE

>A SURVEY OF THE EXERCISES PRESCRIBED TO PREVENT INJURIES DURING RECREATIONAL ALPINE SKIING AND SNOWBOARDING

>COMPARISON OF THE G3 AND G4 SKATING TECHNIQUES IN CROSS-COUNTRY SKIING

>INFLUENCE OF UPPER AND LOWER BODY SPORTS COMPRESSION GARMENTS ON MARKERS OF CROSS COUNTRY SKIING PERFORMANCE

>MUSCLE ADAPTATION WHILE SKATE SKIING WITH AND WITHOUT POLES.

>HIGH INTENSITY EXERCISE WARM-UP, INHIBITION OF GLYCOLYSIS AND ITS PRACTICAL CONSEQUENCES

>CHANGES IN MAXIMAL DOUBLE POLING PERFORMANCE DURING AND AFTER MODERATE ALTITUDE TRAINING IN ELITE CROSS COUNTRY SKIERS

>A GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE FOR SAFE SKI JUMP LANDING SURFACE DESIGN

>EVALUATION OF THE 75S STRENGTH ENDURANCE TEST BY COMPARING METABOLIC AND BIOMECHANICAL VALUES IN LAB AND FIELD

>VO2MAX, AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC THRESHOLDS IN FIVE TEST MODES ON TREADMILL IN CROSS COUNTRY SKIERS

>CHANGES IN PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS DURING AND AFTER MODERATE ALTITUDE TRAINING IN ELITE CROSS COUNTRY SKIERS

>LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT RECONSTRUCTION ON NEUROMUSCULAR ASYMMETRIES IN ELITE ALPINE SKI RACERS

>ENERGY FLUCTUATIONS DURING DIAGONAL STRIDE ROLLER SKIING: WALKING OR RUNNING ON WHEELS?

>BIOMECHANICAL CHARTERISTICS OF THE START IN SKI CROSS

.>THE INFLUENCE OF SLALOM GATE LENGTH ON PERFORMANCE, ACCELERATION, AND PERCEPTION IN YOUNG ALPINE SKI RACERS

>EVALUATING SKI FRICTION AS A FUNCTION OF VELOCITY USING OPTICAL FLOW AND HALL EFFECT SENSORS

>THE LOWER EXTREMITY DEXTERITY TEST QUANTIFIES SENSORIMOTOR CONTROL FOR CROSS COUNTRY SKIING

>SNOWBOARD INJURIES ? A FOCUS ON THE LOWER EXTREMITIES

>CALCULATION OF STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN THE RADIUS DURING SNOWBOARD RELATED INJURIES

>A PORTABLE 2D FORCE BINDING SYSTEM FOR CROSS-COUNTRY SKIING - A VALIDATION STUDY

.>BIOMECHANICS OF DOUBLE POLING WHEN SKIING ON SNOW AND USING AN ERGOMETER

>PHYSIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SPRINT AND DISTANCE SPECIALIZED CROSS-COUNTY SKIERS

>SARCOPENIA IN ELDERLY SKIERS: NEW INSIGHTS FROM THE SASES STUDY

>PROTECTING THE ACL IN ALPINE SKIING WITH BINDING PLATES

>COPING WITH STRESSFUL COMPETITIONS IN ELITE ALPINE SKIING

>BLOCK INTERVAL TRAINING IN HIGHLY-TRAINED CROSS-COUNTRY SKIERS

>PROPULSIVE ASYMMETRY IN LOWER LIMBS AND FORCE TIME-COURSE DURING THE PUSH IN VERTICAL JUMPS: DIFFERENT SKIING DISCIPLINES

>MULTISCALE MULTIPHYSICS COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY SIMULATION APPLIED TO SKI WAX TRIBOLOGY

>ALPINE SKIING FOR OLDER ADULTS WITH TOTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY: STUDY DESIGN AND INTERVENTION

>THE RELATIVE AGE EFFECT IN AUSTRIAN YOUTH ALPINE SKI RACING

>TESTING KNEE AND BACK FUNCTIONAL FITNESS IN INSTRUCTORS.

>HOW ACCURATE APPROXIMATE MOVEMENTS OF OS SACRUM MOVEMENTS OF CENTER OF MASS DURING ROLLER SKI SKATING?

>SKIER'S POSTURE ESTIMATION USING REAL TIME KINEMATICS GNSS MEASUREMENTS

>VIDEO IMAGE RECOVERY FOR OCCLUDED SKIER?S FORM BY COMBINING FORWARD AND BACKWARD PREDICTION USING MOTION FEATURE

>DEVELOPMENT OF AN ARTIFICIAL KNEE JOINT AND SKI LOAD SIMULATOR FOR THE EVALUATION OF KNEE BRACES AND MECHATRONIC SKI BINDINGS

>EVALUATION OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF AN EDUCATIONAL CONCEPT OF SNOWSPORTS IN SCHOOLS

>STRATEGIES OF SPEED INCREASE DURING V2 SKATING TECHNIQUE IN ELITE CROSS-COUNTRY SKIERS

.>VOLUME CHANGES IN LEG MUSCLES DURING SKI-SPECIFIC MOTIONS AS A BASIS FOR OPTIMIZED JUNCTION IN PREVENTIVE KNEE BRACING

>ECCENTRIC OVERLOAD SQUATS WITH THE INTELLIGENT MOTION LIFTER: STRENGTH TRAINING FOR ALPINE SKI RACING

>GLIDING LENGTH AT DIFFERENT SLOPE IN THREE CROSS COUNTRY SKIING TECHNIQUES

>ADVANCES IN THE MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SKI-BOOTS

>EFFECTS OF A 12-WEEK ALPINE SKIING INTERVENTION ON ASYMMETRIES IN GROUND REACTION FORCES DURING ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING IN OLDER ADULTS WITH UNILATERAL TOTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY

>SPECIFICITY OF STRENGTH TRAINING AND TEST PROTOCOLS IN SKI JUMPING

.>LONG-LIFE SKIING IS RELATED TO GAIT PERFORMANCE

>FORCE PRODUCTION, BALANCE CONTROL AND MUSCLE ACTIVATION IN DIFFERENT SITTING POSITIONS IN DISABLED SIT SLEDGE CROSS-COUNTRY SKIERS – A PILOT STUDY

>MUSCULAR ADAPTATIONS IN OLDER ADULTS WITH UNILATERAL TOTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY FOLLOWING 12 WEEKS OF ALPINE SKIING

>ANALYSIS OF SUPPORT STRUCTURES IN PARALYMPIC NORDIC SKIING IN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON - AN EXPLORATORY STUDY

>SYSTEMATIC USE OF THE INSIDE SKI IN CARVED TURNS

>PHYSIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS OF SPRINT AND DISTANCE PERFORMANCE LEVEL IN ELITE CROSS-COUNTRY SKIERS

>EFFECTS OF FATIGUE ON SHOOTING PERFORMANCE AND BIOMECHANICAL PATTERNS IN ELITE BIATHLETES

>DEVELOPMENT OF BIOMECHANICALLY OPTIMIZED SLEDGES FOR NORDIC DISABLED SKIERS

SPATIAL HEARING WHEN WEARING A SKI CAP OR A SKI HELMET

>THE INFLUENCE OF BOOT STIFFNESS ON PERFORMANCE AND QUADRICEP MUSCLE ACTIVITY DURING SLALOM TRAINING

>BREATHING AND POLING ENTRAINMENT IN SKI SKATING

>PERFORMANCE TIME DIFFERENTIALS IN THE SPRINT PROLOGUE OF ELITE CROSS-COUNTRY SKIERS

>DEVELOPMENT AND FIRST EVALUATIONS OF A NOVEL PREVENTIVE KNEE BRACE FOR ALPINE SKIRACING

>INVESTIGATING SKI READINESS ON SECONDARY SCHOOL TRIPS IN ENGLAND

PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOMECHANICAL RESPONSE TO RIFLE CARRIAGE IN ELITE BIAHTLETES

>.KNEE KINEMATICS CHANGES WITH THE POINT OF APPLICATION OF THE GROUND REACTION FORCE IN THE MEDIO-LATERAL DIRECTION IN A SIMULATED ALPINE SKIING - A PILOT STUDY

>REPETITIVE LOW ENERGY IMPACTS ON ALPINE SKI HELMETS

>RADIOLOGICAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHANGES IN A KNEE PROSTHESIS AFTER INTENSIVE SKIING

>NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF AIRFLOW AROUND A SKI JUMPER DURING TAKOFF

>FORCE GENERATION OF JUMPERS ON THE IN-RUN AREA OF THREE HILL SIZES

>EFFECTS OF BETA-ALANINE ON PERFORMANCE AND MUSCLE METABOLISM IN JUNIOR ALPINE SKIERS

>INTENSIFICATION OF ENDURANCE TRAINING WITH SUPERIMPOSED ELECTROMYOSTIMULATION: ACUTE HORMONAL & METABOLIC RESPONSES

>MAXIMAL STRENGTH, POWER, GROSS EFFICIENCY AND PERFORMANCE DURING ISOLATED UPPER-BODY POLING IN CROSS-COUNTRY SKIERS

.>DOUBLE POLING MUSCLE ACTIVATION AND FATIGUE DURING A SIMULATED CLASSIC SPRINT CROSS-COUNTRY SKIING COMPETITION

>OPTIMIZATION OF THE CENTER OF MASS TRAJECTORY IN SLALOM SKIING ? A SINGLE-TRACK PILOT APPROACH

.>QUANTIFYING SNOW CONDITIONS OF WORLD CUP ALPINE SKI RACING TRACKS

>COMPARISON OF KINEMATIC PARAMETERS AND MUSCLE ACTIVATION PATTERNS IN ALPINE SKIERS TRAINING ON TWO TYPES OF TRAINING DEVICES

.>ALPINE SKIING WITH TOTAL KNEE REPLACEMENT IN THE ELDERLY: PERCEIVED PAIN, EXERTION, AND SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING

>THE EFFECTS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL INOCULATION ON HELMET USE IN SKIERS

>ANALYSIS OF KNEE JOINT MOVEMENT WHEN USING ALPINE SKIS OF DIFFERENT WIDTH AND THE RELATED RISK FACTORS FOR INJURY

>PROGREESIVE INCREASE IN VELOCITY, GROUND REACTION FORCES AND ENERGY DISSIPATION IN ALPINE SKI SCHOOL ELEMENTS

>REPEATED SPRINT EXERCISE IMPAIRS CONTRACTILE FORCE OF ISOLATED SINGLE HUMAN MUSCLE FIBRES

Edited December 8, 2013 by snowhow

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Αυτό θα πει να κάνεις κάτι σε επιστημονικό επίπεδο.

 

Νομίζω ότι δε βρήκα ούτε έναν τίτλο που να μη μου κέντρισε τη περιέργεια...

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ΟΙ ΠΡΩΤΕΣ ΑΝΑΚΟΙΝΩΣΕΙΣ _ ΔΕΛΤΙΟ ΤΥΠΟΥ

 

Press releases: ICSS 2013 - International Congress on Science and Skiing

 

 

Press release 1

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Opening of the ICSS

On Saturday evening the international congress on science and skiing in St. Christoph/Arlberg was opened. 250 scientists from 23 different countries will present their topics in Alpine and Nordic skiing in the next days, 170 presentations are planned. Congress president Erich Müller from the University of Salzburg pointed the relevance of this congress for the science on winter sport.

 

A new understanding of lactate

 

The first speaker was George Brooks from the University of California. Lactate, produced by the body in exercise, has the image to inhibit the activity of the muscles and to indicate fatigue.

“We have found in many studies that lactate is a good fuel for the body. Trained persons can produce more lactate und are able to start its metabolism faster. This is a hint for the positive effect of this molecule”, said Brooks. In connection with the production of glycogen, which is used by the muscles to cover the energy requirements, lactate plays an important role. “We have to take away the trainer´s and athlete´s fear of lactate. It is relevant that optimal training zones for each athlete are found. Then, the lactate production can be used in a positive way”, Brooks finally stated.

 

 

Findings in XC Skiing

 

Hans-Christer Holmberg from the Mid University in Östersund (SWE) talked about the current status of science in cross country skiing. Especially the upper body work got more and more relevance in the last decade. “Physiological parameters did not change too much in the last 40 years. But the upper body strength of professional skiers has improved significantly. That is a result of new strength training concepts”, said Holmberg. Also the increase of short term and high intensive interval-trainings is a visible development in XC Skiing, the Swedish scientist stated.

 

 

 

Skikongress am Arlberg eröffnet

 

Am Samstagabend wurde der internationale Kongress „Science and Skiing“ in St. Christoph am Arlberg eröffnet. 250 Wissenschaftler aus 23 Nationen werden in den kommenden Tagen in mehr als 170 Vorträgen ihre neuesten Erkenntnisse im alpinen und nordischen Skisport präsentieren. Kongresspräsident Erich Müller von der Universität Salzburg wies in seiner Eröffnungsrede auf die Wichtigkeit des Kongresses in der Wintersportforschung hin.

Laktat neu verstehen

Den mit Spannung erwarteten Eröffnungsvortrag hielt George Brooks von der Universität Kalifornien. Das vom Körper bei Bewegung bzw. Training produzierte Laktat habe den Ruf, die Aktivität der Muskulatur zu hemmen und ein Indikator für Ermüdung zu sein. „Wir haben in vielen Studien festgestellt, dass Laktat vor allem ein Treibstoff für den Körper ist. Trainierte Personen etwa produzieren mehr Laktat und können dies auch schneller verstoffwechseln, was auch ein Hinweis auf die positive Wirkung dieses Moleküls ist“, sagte Brooks. Im Zusammenhang mit der Produktion von Glykogen, das von der menschlichen Muskulatur bei Energiebedarf genutzt wird, spiele auch das Laktat eine wesentliche Rolle. „Man muss Sportlern und Trainern die Angst vor Laktat nehmen. Es geht darum, die optimalen Trainingsbereiche für die jeweiligen Athleten zu finden. Dann kann die Laktatproduktion auch positiv genutzt werden“, so Brooks abschließend.

Kräftige Langläufer

Hans-Christer Holmberg von der Mid Sweden University in Östersund (SWE) sprach in seinem Vortrag über den aktuellen Stand der Langlaufforschung. Der Wissenschaftler wies auf die Bedeutung der Oberkörpermuskulatur hin. „Die physiologischen Parameter haben sich in den letzten 40 Jahren wenig verändert. Aber die Oberkörper-Kraftfähigkeit der professionellen Langläufer hat immens zugenommen. Das liegt auch an neuen Konzepten im Krafttraining“, so Holmberg. Auch die Zunahme von kurzen und hochintensiven Intervall-Trainings sei eine zu beobachtende Entwicklung im Langlaufsport, so der schwedische Wissenschaftler.

Edited December 16, 2013 by snowhow

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International Congress on Science and Skiing

>Press releases: ICSS 2013

 

 

 

 

2o ΔΕΛΤΙΟ ΤΥΠΟΥ______________ ΑΝΑΚΟΙΝΩΣΕΙΣ _

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Skis less aggressive

 

Hans Hoppeler from the University of Bern and Josef Kröll from the University of Salzburg were the main presenters at the ICSS on Monday.

The relevance of eccentric muscle activity in Alpine skiing and the new sidecut radii were in the focus of interest.

Hoppeler showed that eccentric activities in ski sports have high effects on the increase on maximum force and have high requirements on the coordination abilities.

“The risks for the body and its muscles are higher in eccentric load. That explains the increased use of the brain regions responsible for movement coordination. The older people get the more they think about possible consequences”, said Hoppeler.

Kröll talked about the current discussion concerning sidecut radii in Alpine racing. He showed comparisons between the studies from Berg, which were made 20 years ago in elite athletes and the current results.

“In the past the skiers did not have such a high knee angle. Due to the carving technology knee angles and ground reaction forces are much bigger now”, Kröll stated.

The University of Salzburg was involved in the FIS project to prevent injuries in Alpine race skiing. In this connection Kröll showed the advantages of the new giant slalom skies, which have radii of 35 meters.

“There was a ground reaction force reduction of 12 percent. The outer leg was relieved significantly. We can say that the skies are less aggressive now”, said Kröll.

Concerning training it is necessary to have new stimuli. “Ski specific trainings should be promoted. In particular the eccentric load in Alpine ski racing has to be more considered in training”, Kröll finally said.

Edited December 17, 2013 by snowhow

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International Congress on Science and Skiing Press releases: ICSS 2013

 

 

Press release 3

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The core as risk factor in Alpine skiing

 

A torn ACL in Alpine racing is not rare. Albert Gollhofer from the University of Freiburg and Jorg Spοrri i from the University of Salzburg showed in their ICSS presentations that this injury can be lead back to an instable core.

“In many sports the stability of the trunk plays an important role, same in Alpine skiing. Recent studies show, that a strong core can avoid knee injuries”, said Albert Gollhofer. There are also differences between men and women: Women showed higher trunk rotations which mean an increased risk for knee injuries.

Jorg Sporri demonstrated that the FIS changes in short cut radii lead to less bending and torsion of the trunk and spine. This could contribute to have less acute or overuse injuries in knee, respectively spine in the future.

“30 to 40 percent of the world cup ski racers have or had chronic pain in the low back”, said Spφrri.

“The main focus in the prevention of chronic back pain and related knee injuries has to be on youth training concepts. A recently published study of Christian Raschner of the University of Innsbruck showed that there is a direct connection between knee injuries and trunk stability in youth skiers”, Sporri finally said.

Edited December 18, 2013 by snowhow

[panchristo 6,271]

Από μια διαγώνια ματιά, δείχνουν πολύ ενδιαφέροντα άρθρα. Κρίμα που είναι μόνο στα αγγλικά και δυσκολεύουν λίγο κάποιους.

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International Congress on Science and Skiing>Press releases: ICSS 2013

4o ΔΕΛΤΙΟ ΤΥΠΟΥ______________ ΑΝΑΚΟΙΝΩΣΕΙΣ _

 

 

Press release 4

 

Many talents get lost .

At the international congress on science and skiing in St. Christoph/Arlberg Christian Raschner from the University of Innsbruck was the main speaker at the last day. The sports scientist showed current data on talent detection and development in Alpine ski racing.

“Young skiers have three main challenges: Combining training and school, qualifying for squads und be aware of injuries. That is not always easy for young athletes”, said Raschner.

A high dropout rate at the age of 14 to 15 is the consequence.

Reasons are overuse, missed qualifications, motivation problems and high costs.Due to Raschner another problem in the Austrian ski racingan is the long duration of athletes in race sports being without any education.

“Some athletes find a job in the army, at the customs or at the police. But many do not have this chance”, said Raschner. In south tyrol the situation in this connection is much better, Raschner stated.Raschner also showed longitudinal studies on test batteries in Tyrol.

“In the last 20 years the focus of trainers and athletes has changed. While skiers were stronger in the past, they are nowadays better in their coordinative abilities. But we can still determine overuse problems in training. More than half of all injuries are due to an overuse. We should focus more on this aspect.

Especially young girls have a higher risk of injuries due to less core and leg strength.Therefore, it is necessary to not train a maximum but an optimum.

An optimal ratio between core and leg strength seems to be relevant.

“But one thing trainers and parents should never forget: In youth racers fun should always be the most important”, Raschner finally said.

Edited December 18, 2013 by snowhow

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5o ΔΕΛΤΙΟ ΤΥΠΟΥ______________ : ICSS 2013

International Congress on Science and Skiing

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Skiing with knee arthroplasty

 

Many people do not ski anymore when they got a knee arthroplasty. A big study of the University of Salzburg in cooperation with the sportclinic Austria in Innsbruck (Prof. Fink), the PMU Salzburg (Prof. Dorn), the Universities of Kopenhagen and Oslo showed that this is not necessary.

36 elderly with a knee arthroplasty were tested and the aim of the study was to analyze the effects of a 12 week skiing intervention on health parameters. 16 of the 36 of the test persons had to ski for 25 days in total, while the others functioned as control group. Average age of the skiers was 71.

“We can state, that skiing with knee arthroplasties has a very positive effect on our test persons. It shows that a knee arthroplasty is absolutely no reason to finish skiing, if this is done reasonable”, said Erich Müller from the University of Salzburg as leader of this project.

A main aspect of the study was to analyze which effects 25 days of skiing has on leg strength. “Strength and ultrasound tests have shown, that the quadriceps increased in mass, cross section and therefore in strength ability”, said Müller. Some tests also demonstrated a decrease of asymmetry of both legs. “That means, that the skiing intervention reduced the load difference between operated and non-operated leg. That is mainly due to an increase of strength in the operated leg. This also means that skiing might avoid sarcopenia in elderly”, Müller stated.

In the study also load analyses regarding daily live activities were accomplished. The increased leg strength led to more confidence in stair walking. “Due to the skiing intervention the test persons improved their speed and confidence in walking down the stairs”, Müller explained. Also gait became significantly more symmetric: The difference between operated and non-operated concerning maximum load was reduced from 12 to 3 kilos. “The even loading of both legs leads to more confidence for the people in their daily live”, said Müller.

Thomas Hofstädter from the PMU in Salzburg stated that the skiing group did not show any functional limitations. “The chance for an injury in people with knee arthroplasty while skiing is not higher than in persons without arthroplasty”, said Hofstädter. Concerning blood parameters Flemming Dela from the University of Kopenhagen found no improvements but also no deteriorations in the ski group in contrast to the control group.

Günter Amesberger and Sabine Würth from the University of Salzburg were responsible for the psychological analysis. “We found some individual differences, but the total results were clear: The skiing group felt significantly better and was more active than the control group. Very important was the fact that der skiers did not have more pain than the control group”, said Würth.

“Due to these positive results I would recommend to older people with knee arthroplasty to keep on skiing, good slopes and sight provided”, said the leader of the knee project, Erich Müller.

Edited December 19, 2013 by snowhow

[panchristo 6,271]

Κάτι μου λέει ότι αυτό το άρθρο θα το διαβάσουν πολλοί...

 

Μακριά από μας...

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FUNDAMENTALS OF ECCENTRIC WORK* HΑΝS HOPPELER

6th International Congress on Science and Skiing

Department of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 2, CH-3000 Bern 9, SWITZERLAND

 

 

Skeletal muscle tissue is often viewed as the “contractile machinery” responsible for active movement and thus for animal and human locomotion. Typically, muscles shorten against resistance and thus generate positive work either to accelerate or to gain potential energy.

This type of muscle action is called concentric muscle contraction.It is overlooked that in locomotion muscles do not only shorten during activation but just as often lengthen during activation or actively resist lengthening. These types of muscle contractions are called eccentric contractions.

Eccentric muscle contractions serve two major purposes. Muscles work eccentrically to absorb energy for decelerating the body for instance when walking downhill.Eccentric contractions are further used for elastic storage of energy during locomotion.

In this instance, eccentrically contracting muscles are used to convert kinetic and potential energy into elastic strain energy of tendons and aponeuroses.The stored elastic energy can be regained to minimize muscle work and energy requirements in locomotion.Concentric and eccentric muscle contractions differ in salient functional aspects.

During rapid eccentric contractions muscles can generate up to four-times higher torques than during concentric contractions of similar angular velocities.While during concentric contractions,torque decreases with increasing angular velocity, in eccentric contractions this is not the case.

With low negative angular velocities, torque increases first and then remains constant with increasing angular velocity.

As a consequence, the power produced by muscles inconcentric contractions increases first, reaches a maximum at about 2400/sec and then drops off.In eccentric contractions the (negative) power increases unlimited with increasing angular velocitiy.The large torques and powers that can be obtained when working eccentrically put muscles at jeopardy.

Eccentric contractions can lead to immediate massive muscle damage such as muscle tears or even to avulsions of muscle origins or insertions.With moderate chronic eccentric exercise, such as walking downhill, we see a different kind of muscle damage designated delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)DOMS can be circumvented by accustoming muscles to eccentric work, such that repeated exposure to eccentric exercise protects against the recurrence of DOMS.

Eccentric exercise is further characterized by a much smaller energy requirement than concentric exercise to produce similar external power.The metabolic cost of torque development in eccentric contractions is reduced by 2- to 4-fold.

A further important distinction between concentric and eccentric contractions is that the latter need only about half of the EMG activation for similar torque outputs.This makes eccentric contractions inherently more difficult to control. It is therefore not surprising that alpine skiers are characterized by their aptitude to execute and coordinateδvery high load eccentric contractions.

 

*SPONSERD BY NOVEL

Edited December 27, 2013 by snowhow

[snowhow 1,451]

ON REDUCING THE RISK OF INADVERTENT RELEASE OF SKI BINDINGS >

6th International Congress on Science and Skiing 2013, St. Christoph a. Arlberg – Austria>

Christopher A. Brown, >Nathan E. Braun,> Justin Lagassey,> John M. Madura ,Sports Engineering Lab, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA

 

 

INTRODUCTION: The objective of this paper is to present a multifaceted approach to reducing the risk of inadvertent release (IR) in alpine skiing, especially, although not exclusively, for competitors. Avoiding IR is important for reducing the risk of two types ofnjury: those that result from IR, and those that result from elevated binding settings that are used to avoid IR.Severe trauma, including paralysis and death, are known to result from IR.

Currently, elevated settings are the only apparent means available to reduce the risk of inadvertent release.

The unintended consequence of elevated settings is increased risk of leg and knee injuries.Despite this increased risk, in many races and training situations, IR occurs more often than leg and knee injuries.

Previous work shows loading direction to be a problem for heel retention. Generally, causes of IR and remedies are both poorly understood .

 

METHOD: An exhaustive collection of independent solutions is sought that has the greatest chance of success in reducing IR.Education is primary among these. Problems addressedinclude poor: course maintenance, equipment design, equipment maintenance, equipment adjustment strategies, and inadequate testing and testing methods.

Bindings and plates canreduce IR through decoupling of release and retention functions and increased displacement before release (Fig. 1), consistent with Suh’s independence and information axioms (1990).

 

RESULTS: New spring-cam systems and appropriate location of key binding pivots can improve control load transmission and increase the work to release. A low-cost solution to displacement measurement during testing can be an optical mouse.

A web site is being used for IReducation and reporting (hurtskiing.com).

IR problems that are possibly course related can be addressedsystematically. A low-inertia component is proposed improving the response of ski bindings to high frequency loading, like from chatter marks on hard surfaces, especially competition.

 

DISCUSSION: More skiers, coaches, competitors,race officials, binding technicians and engineers, need to know how to recognize and solve the problems that lead to IR.Because most IR does not result in injury and it is unreported.Many opportunities are available to reduce the risk of IR.Engineering design provides insight for developing the best approaches to reduce IR through improved and innovative education and equipment.

 

CONCLUSION: Equipment can be designed to reduce the risk of IR by adsorbing more energy at loads below the injury threshold and above the control limit.IR education, reporting, and course maintenance and testing of displacement to release are also important.

 

REFERENCESN.P.Suh (1990) The Principles of Design, Oxford University Press, New York.C.A. Brown, C.F. Ettlinger, (1985) A Method for Improvement of Retention Characteristics in Alpine SkiBindings, Skiing Trauma and Safety: Fifth International Symposium, ASTM STP 860, Johnson

Edited December 27, 2013 by snowhow